BS 161: Final Exam. The energy entering, reflected, absorbed, and emitted by the Earth system are the components of the Earth's radiation budget. 9 Why does only 47 of the sun's energy reach Earth's surface? The average area covered by snow has ranged from 3.0 million to 3.6 million square miles, with the minimum value occurring in 1998 and the maximum in 1978 (see Figure 1). Another example of a physical process resulting in a large deviation in the global mean temperature is primarily due to variations in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. In other words, about 30 percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected back into space and 70 percent is absorbed. During the day, clouds can make the temperature on Earth cooler by blocking heat from the Sun. The resulting global average temperature difference between the last cold period at its extreme (the last glacial maximum) about 21,000 years ago and the warm interglacial period we have known for about 10,000 years is thus likely between 3°C and 8°C [3]. The sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity, but the effect on Earth's climate is small. At the poles, it can be as high as 80% in some areas. Earth's average albedo is 0.3. It is a reflection coefficient and has a value of less than one. . 48. A planet's temperature may also be influenced by the greenhouse effect, or the warming of a planet and its lower atmosphere caused by trapped solar radiation. . Astronomers define the reflectivity of an object in space using a term called albedo. Conversely, a drop in albedo warms the planet. B) The laws of physics require incoming and outgoing radiation to equal. A sensor aboard NASA's Terra satellite is now collecting detailed measurements of how much sunlight Earth's surface reflects back up into the atmosphere. In other words, about 30 percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected back into space and 70 percent is absorbed. 83 terms. Of all of the solar radiation reaching Earth, 30% is reflected back to space and 70% is . Based on how much sunlight hits Earth versus how much is reflected, Earth's average temperature should be well below freezing. Other Quizlet sets. Earth's average overall albedo is. The Moon has an albedo of 0.06 because its dusty surface absorbs most of the light hitting the surface, but Earth has an albedo of 0.37 because clouds and the ocean regions are reflective. The study of clouds, where they occur, and their characteristics, plays a key role in the understanding of climate change. The basic principle is analogous to strategies employed by people who live in hot places. A companion study led by GISS co-author Gavin Schmidt that has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research shows that carbon dioxide accounts for about 20 percent of the greenhouse effect, water vapor and clouds together account for 75 percent, and minor . A 2013 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted the average global sea temperature could rise by . Figure 8.1.1 Earth's heat budget. Scientists project that Earth's average temperature will rise between two and 12 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. Change to the Earth's albedo is a powerful driver of climate. The Sun's spectral output is composed of approximately 9% ultraviolet (and shorter) wavelengths, 41% visible light, and about 50% infrared radiation. ). B) 51 percent. 2 Geothermal heat from Earth's interior, direct heating from energy production, and frictional heating through . 8 . ) At night, clouds can make Earth's temperature warmer by trapping heat that came from the Sun. Earth's dimness could become more significant in upcoming decades as well. On average, 1013 to 1014 grams (10-100 million metric tons) of carbon move through the slow carbon cycle every year. The term 'earth's energy budget' was coined to refer to the energy the planet receives from the sun, utilized all over the earth, and then sends back into space. This has a cooling effect on global temperatures. a. pack ice off the coast of Antarctica. Albedo Effect. samisnyder0. The solar energy that reaches the top of Earth's atmosphere is more or less constant. 3.1 Changes in Land Surface Albedo - fresh snow - croplands - the moon - light roof - forests The moon Land surface temperature (LST) is a measure of the heating of the land surface and is distinct from air temperature. The extent of snow cover has varied from year to year. Part of what makes Earth so amenable is its natural greenhouse effect, which keeps the planet at a friendly 15 °C (59 °F) on average. Terrestrial Atmosphere Surface pressure: 1014 mb Surface density: 1.217 kg/m 3 Scale height: 8.5 km Total mass of atmosphere: 5.1 x 10 18 kg Total mass of hydrosphere: 1.4 x 10 21 kg Average temperature: 288 K (15 C) Diurnal temperature range: 283 K to 293 K (10 to 20 C) Wind speeds: 0 to 100 m/s Mean molecular weight: 28.97 Atmospheric composition (by volume, dry air): Major : 78.08% Nitrogen . Snow and ice , airborne particles , and certain gases have high albedos and reflect different amounts of sunlight back into space. How do clouds affect albedo? 1b. Giving: 1364 4 W m 2 × 0.7 = 238.7 W m 2. e is the emissivity of an object, generally set to 1 for an ideal radiator. 9 . ) Obliquity is why Earth has seasons. Global temperatures depend on the total amount of carbon on Earth. 12) If the surface of the earth were to suddenly turn white, the temperature of the planet would _____ because _____ insolation would be absorbed. The largest differences in local topography across the globe are Mount Everest, the highest point above sea level at 29,035 ft (8,850 m), and the Mariana Trench, the lowest point below sea level at 35,840 ft (10,924 m). 126 terms. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from the Sun balances the energy lost by the Earth back into space. . Between 1972 and 2020, the average extent of North American snow cover decreased at a rate of about 1,870 square miles . 1.4. Earth's energy balance depends on the incoming and outgoing energy from the sun. 65) In terms of maps of solar energy receipt at Earth's surface, the main interruption to a strictly latitudinal pattern is _____. a. 12 Any explanations for the observed changes in climate must be grounded in understood physical mechanisms, appropriate in scale, and consistent in timing . exam 2 lips. Land surface temperature is how hot the "surface" of the Earth would feel to the touch in a particular location. 31 percent b. It could be snow and ice, the grass on a lawn, the roof of a building, or the leaves in the canopy of a . 6 Why does the albedo of the Earth and its atmosphere average about 30 percent? C) light from the Sun is mainly blue. Using the planet's estimated albedo, which is about 11% that of the Earth, the average temperature on Gliese 667Cc comes out to be 277.4 degrees Kelvin, within 10 degrees Kelvin of Earth's termperature (see Equation 3: Albedo Calculation / Temperature Equilibrium). 47. Conduction refers to. B) 51 percent. Additionally, smooth surfaces have a higher albedo while rough surfaces reduce it. 31 percent. Human activities affect Earth's surface and the atmosphere, setting in motion changes having potentially profound implications for global climate and habitat sustainability. This corresponds to an average flux of 0.087 W/m 2 and represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, being dwarfed by the 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. High, thin clouds transmit incoming solar radiation and also trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth, warming the surface. This module explores the effects of those factors, including distance from the sun, aerosol particles floating in the air, and greenhouse gases. In simpler terms, it is the measure of solar absorption. 7 How much energy is absorbed by the atmosphere? AFST 236 MIDTERM. d. forests. The fact that the Earth can respond to slight changes in the amount of incoming radiation to maintain a fairly stable temperature is a result of Earth's energy budget.This phenomenon is also closely connected to flows on the Earth, and the Solar energy to the Earth. During the day, clouds can make the temperature on Earth cooler by blocking heat from the Sun. C) 69 percent. Average conditions tend to remain stable unless the Earth experiences a force that shifts the energy balance. The annual average value of surface albedo, snow cover, and NDVI in the QM from 2001 to 2020 was calculated to obtain the interannual variation trend . The overall albedo of the Earth - measured to be 0.30 - has a significant effect on the temperature of the Earth, as it changes how much solar energy is reflected by the Earth as opposed to how much is absorbed. It can be seen that the annual average surface albedo in the QM shows a slight upward trend, with a change rate of 5.0 × 10 −3 /10a. b. cloud cover 66) The Sun is directly on the horizon. [1] Changes in the shape of Earth's orbit as well as the tilt and position of Earth's axis can also affect the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface. This changes how Earth's energy budget balances, and can have serious impacts on the global climate. This is the amount of electromagnetic radiation that reflects away, compared to the amount that . c. dry, light sandy soils. The reflected sum of radiation is called the albedo of the earth. This has a cooling effect on global temperatures. A) decrease; less B) decrease; more C) increase; less D) increase; more Answer: A 13) Earth's average overall albedo is A) 31 percent. In addition, natural cycles within Earth's climate system can only redistribute heat; they cannot be responsible for the observed increase in the overall heat content of the climate system. 7 . ) Once the Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt, water absorbs more heat. The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30-35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features. Low, thick clouds reflect solar radiation and cool the Earth's surface. The main influence on Earth's climate over geologic time is: a. The study's results will be published Friday, Oct. 15 in Science. But once we remove our icy protective shield, water reflects as low as 5% of solar radiation. ) Earth 's average overall albedo is. They will be able to The absorbed sunlight drives photosynthesis, fuels evaporation, melts snow and ice, and warms the Earth system. Other Quizlet sets. We begin with the energy (in units of W/m 2): E in =S( 1−a ) Here, S is the solar constant — 1370 W/m 2, and a is the albedo, which is about .31 based on satellite measurements. 10 . ) Earth's average albedo is about 0.3. [1] [2] The role of the sun's energy in the past Myth #1: It's the sun. d. Oceans absorb carbon dioxide much faster than humans add it to the atmosphere. Kato quickly understood why: not only is the Arctic's average cloud fraction on summer days large enough—on average 0.8, or 80 percent—to mask sea ice changes, but an increase in cloudiness between 2000 and 2004 further hid any impact that sea ice and snow losses might have had on the Arctic's ability to reflect incoming light. (The term 'albedo' is derived from the Latin for 'whiteness'). The heat budget of Earth appears below (Figure 8.1.1). Then we deal with . Like solar radiation in general, albedo values also vary across the globe with latitude but Earth's average albedo is around 31%. b. snow that is polluted and several days old. hence according to research took place in 1970's scientist found that Earth overall Albedo is 31% 14) Which of the following has the lowest albedo? Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. Through a series of chemical reactions and tectonic activity, carbon takes between 100-200 million years to move between rocks, soil, ocean, and atmosphere in the slow carbon cycle. The naturally occurring GHGs in Earth's atmosphere—principally water vapor and carbon dioxide—keep the near-surface air temperature about 60°F (33°C) warmer than it would be in their absence, assuming albedo is held constant. Sunlight is the primary driver of Earth's climate and weather. Using 100 units of energy from the sun as a baseline the energy balance is as follows: At the top of the . Of the ~340 W/m 2 of solar radiation received by the Earth, an average of ~77 W/m 2 is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and ~23 W/m 2 is reflected by the surface albedo, leaving ~240 W/m 2 of solar energy input to the Earth's energy budget. Which of the following has the lowest albedo? As with any budget, to maintain constant conditions the budget must be balanced so that the incoming heat equals the outgoing heat. Geology Exam 1 Flashcards _ Quizlet.pdf. This acts to keep the earth's surface cooler than it otherwise would have been. The sky is blue because. Low, thick clouds reflect solar radiation and cool the Earth's surface. Just for your information, this amount is measured on a plane perpendicular to the Sun's rays and at the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth. It's estimated that a change of just two degrees in average global temperature could result in sea level rise, lower crop yields, increased rainfall and flooding, more wildfires and . In fact, these areas are the earth's most important cooling mechanisms. So about 30% of the incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by clouds or light areas on Earth's surface, or scattered back out into space by gas molecules in the atmosphere (that scattering is what makes the sky blue, not black! When the planet's albedo or reflectivity increases, more incoming sunlight is reflected back into space. It's sort of like clouds are wrapping Earth in a big, warm blanket. Earth's average albedo is about 0.3. Here is a look at 10 of the most common myths about climate change that persist in the public sphere and what science has to say about them. A vertical air current that is generated by temperature density differences is an example of heat transfer by. 10 How much of the sun's energy actually reaches the Earth quizlet? Overall, Earth reflects about 29% of the incoming solar radiation, and therefore, we say the Earth's average albedo is 0.29. Furthermore, the rate of temperature change is increasing: "The global annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.07°C (0.13°F) per decade since 1880 and . This amount is called the absorbed solar radiation (ASR). 14 terms. C) It maintains the thickness of the atmosphere and variability in the length of day. It's sort of like clouds are wrapping Earth in a big, warm blanket. 8 Does the Earth lose heat to space? Answer: A A ) 31 percent . Which of the following is true of the albedo of water? How is this Since the surface albedo reached the minimum and maximum . b. The average surface temperature on Earth is approximately 7.2°C, though (as already noted) this varies. 51 percent c. 69 percent d. unknown . Contents 1 Terrestrial albedo 138 terms. D) unknown. Which of the following has the lowest albedo? The Earth's orbit around the sun is an ellipse whose eccentricity, measuring the . Like solar radiation in general, albedo values also vary across the globe with latitude but earth's average albedo is around 31%. Animation " The drivers of climate change " (Credit: Museum de Toulouse, Mercator Océan) 1.5. About one-third of that energy is reflected back into space, and the remaining 240 watts per square meter is absorbed by land, ocean, and atmosphere. e. the Moon's surface in full sunlight . Some brief discussion of human modifications is provided below; a more extensive treatment of the topic is given in Chapter 8. Steph_Hughes. 1a. When the planet's albedo or reflectivity increases, more incoming sunlight is reflected back into space. See Section 1 and Figure 2.01. 8. Review vocabulary introduce in Activity 1.2: reflectivity, albedo, absorption, and explain to students that in their next activity they are going to use a climate model to look at how reflectivity, or albedo, affects Earth's global average temperature. The sun provides all the energy that is utilized within the earth although most of the sun's energy . Change to the Earth's albedo is a powerful driver of climate. ATS150 Global Climate Change Spring 2017 Candidate Questions for Final Exam 4 47. c. Human actions have little effect on the amount of carbon in circulation. claireturner123. 8.1 Earth's Heat Budget. For surfaces between the tropics (23.5°N to 23.5°S) the average albedo is 19-38%. This difference is only a matter of about 12 miles (19 km), which is . D) unknown. A change of just 1% to the Earth's albedo has a radiative effect of 3.4 Wm-2, comparable to the forcing from a doubling of CO2. Earth's heat balance is and extremely important factor in what makes the Earth livable. Averaged over the entire planet, roughly 340 watts per square meter of energy from the Sun reach Earth. Overall, the Earth's albedo has a cooling effect. hugh_steele PLUS. σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. At night, clouds can make Earth's temperature warmer by trapping heat that came from the Sun. However, unlike the sun, Gliese 667C is a much more slowly developing star. Based on the physics principle of conservation of energy, this radiation budget represents the accounting of the balance between incoming radiation, which is almost entirely solar radiation, and outgoing radiation, which is partly reflected solar Fundamentals 553neuro pupa20. -Satellites can measure the amount of energy Earth receives, and the amount it sends back into space using temperature estimates - ideally those two should be equal, giving a balanced radiation budget-About 50% of the sun's energy is reflected by clouds or absorbed by the atmosphere.-Darker surfaces (like oceans or rainforests) absorb more heat Because ice has a high albedo, it reflects 84% of incoming solar radiation. When the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, a certain amount of it is scattered, reflected and absorbed. An increase in the Earth's albedo . Example 2: Effect of the Earth's orbital parameters on its average temperature. In this way, the Earth maintains a stable average temperature and therefore a stable climate. Earth's average overall albedo is A) 31 percent. C) 69 percent. Seasonal Cycles of Sea Ice Extent Albedo is the portion of solar energy reflected from the surface of the Earth back into space. So clouds can have both a cooling effect and a warming effect. The geothermal heat flow from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts (TW) and split approximately equally between radiogenic heat and heat left over from the Earth's formation. An increase in earths albedo would. Over the last million years, it has varied between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees with respect to Earth's orbital plane. A) To keep the Earth's average temperature more or less constant. . Albedo is the amount of sunlight reflected by earth surface. A sensor aboard NASA's Terra satellite is now collecting detailed measurements of how much sunlight the earth's surface reflects back up into the atmosphere. The removal of ice high albedo. Global average temperatures have increased more than 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit over the last 100 years. A shift in the energy balance causes the Earth's average temperature to become warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of other changes in the lower atmosphere, on land, and in the oceans. Slow Cycle. The spinning of Earth's axis and the elliptical rotation of the axes cause the day on which Earth is closest to the sun (perihelion) to migrate through the calendar year in a cycle of around . D) Without a balanced radiation budget, the earth will become increasingly warmer or coller. What surface on Earth has the lowest Albedo? From a satellite's point of view, the "surface" is whatever it sees when it looks through the atmosphere to the ground. T is the temperature of the Earth, in Kelvin. High, thin clouds transmit incoming solar radiation and also trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth, warming the surface. Conversely, a drop in albedo warms the planet. color test/ Claire Turner. The study of clouds, where they occur, and their characteristics, plays a key role in the understanding of climate change. Earth's overall average albedo, including clouds, is around 0.3 (or 30%, if you prefer). The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria . Globally, over the course of the year, the Earth system—land surfaces, oceans, and atmosphere—absorbs an average of about 240 watts of solar power per square meter (one watt is one joule of energy every second). the late-1800s Almost all of the energy input for the Earth system comes from radiation from the Sun The Earth's albedo is the average percentage of sunlight Earth reflects back to space As a result of evaporation and condensation (precipitation) processes, water vapor that reaches the poles is significantly enriched in its concentration of H216O The solar constant (I SC) is the average radiation intensity falling on an imaginary surface, perpendicular to the Sun's rays and at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere (figure 2.1).The word 'constant' is a little misleading since, because of the Earth's elliptical orbit the intensity of the solar radiation falling on the Earth changes by about 7% between January 1 st, when the Earth . Earth's average overall albedo is A) 31 percent B) 51 percent C) 69 percent D) unknown A) gasses in the atmosphere scatter blue light well The sky is blue because A) gasses in the atmosphere scatter blue light well B) dust in the atmosphere changes the black color of space to sky blue. So clouds can have both a cooling effect and a warming effect. A ) decrease ; less 13) Earth's average overall albedo is A) 31 percent. The Earth's surface absorbs about 174 Watts m-2 of sunlight on the average, yet it emits about 400 Watts m-2 of infrared radiation. 11 How much of the sun's energy reaches . A change of just 1% to the Earth's albedo has a radiative effect of 3.4 Wm-2, comparable to the forcing from a doubling of CO2. But in the last century or so, humans have been interfering with the planet's energy balance, mainly through the burning of fossil fuels that add carbon dioxide to the air. > Land surface temperature - NASA Earth Observatory < /a > albedo of Earth appears below Figure! 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